Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)

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Principle:

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) is an advanced form of UT that uses multiple elements in a transducer to control the ultrasonic beam electronically. This allows for flexible beam steering, focusing, and imaging, providing detailed defect detection and characterization.

Applications:

Weld inspections in pipelines, pressure vessels, and structural components
Detection of crack-like defects and precise flaw sizing
Used in industries such as oil & gas, power generation, and nuclear
Highly effective for detecting planar defects and lack of fusion

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